Pama-Nyungan languages, like all languages, show a mixture of histories that reflect both contact and inheritance. Pama-Nyungan languages, like all languages, show a mixture of histories that reflect both contact and inheritance. Pama-Nyungan languages vary in terms of whether they contain or lack verb conjugation classes, how many classes they contain, and how verbs are divided into classes (i.e., based on valence or phonological properties of the stem). Non-Pama-Nyungan languages are mainly prefixing. 2006. Yet others (such as Kaurna around Adelaide) are undergoing a renaissance, gaining speakers within their communities.Finally, though not the focus of our study, there are also new languages, such as Kriol spoken across Northern Australia, Without records of all these languages, and without ongoing work to support speakers and communities, we aren’t able to do research like this, and Australia loses a vital link to its history. Some of inclusions in each branch are only provisional, as many languages became extinct before they could be adequately documented. Many of these languages, such as Other languages, however, are actively used in their communities and are learned as first languages by young children.
Where this language came from, how old it is, and how it spread, has been something of a puzzle. These vary from languages so distinct they are difficult to demonstrate as being in the same branch, to near dialects on par with the differences between the Continuing along the south coast, from Melbourne to Perth: We found that, in our model, groups of people moved more slowly near the coast and major waterways, and faster across deserts. (Bowern & Atkinson 2012, 839)International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, William J. Frawley, p 232,Nick Evans and Patrick McConvell, "The Enigma of Pama–Nyungan Expansion in Australia" Bouckaert, Remco R., Claire Bowern & Quentin D. Atkinson (2018).
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The territories on which Canberra (Ngunnawal), Perth (Noongar), Sydney (Daruk, Iyora), Brisbane (Turubal) and Melbourne (Woiwurrung) are built were all once owned by speakers of Pama-Nyungan languages.
First, there is a place for both divergence and convergence as processes of language change; punctuated equilibrium stresses convergence as the main mechanism of language change in Australia.
The methods presented here have been used with Bantu, Austronesian, Indo-European, and Japonic languages (among others).
We found clear support for the origin of Pama-Nyungan just under 6,000 years ago in an area around what is now the Queensland town of Burketown. Another Look at Australia as a Linguistic Area. …is the relationship between the Pama-Nyungan group, which covers 90 percent of the continent, and the residual non-Pama-Nyungan cluster, which stretches across northernmost Australia (except Queensland). Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. Below (closeup): the individual families. The Arnhem languages (purple), and other non-Pama–Nyungan languages (grey). Not included are dozens of poorly attested and extinct languages such as A few more inclusive groups that have been proposed, such as In his 1980 attempt to reconstruct Proto-Australian, He believes that Lower Murray (5 families and isolates), Arandic (2 families, Kaytetye and Arrernte), and Kalkatungic (2 isolates) are small However, the papers in Bowern & Koch (2004) demonstrate about ten traditional groups, including Pama–Nyungan, and its sub-branches such as Arandic, using the In his last published paper from the same collection, As mentioned above, additional methods of computational phylogenetic employed by Bowern and Atkinson in 2012Bowern and Atkinson's computational model is currently the definitive model of Pama-Nyungan intra-relatedness and diachrony. 1997.
2006.
), Not included are dozens of poorly attested and extinct languages such as A few more inclusive groups that have been proposed, such as In his 1980 attempt to reconstruct Proto-Australian, He believes that Lower Murray (5 families and isolates), Arandic (2 families, Kaytetye and Arrernte), and Kalkatungic (2 isolates) are small However, the papers in Bowern & Koch (2004) demonstrate about ten traditional groups, including Pama–Nyungan, and its sub-branches such as Arandic, using the In his last published paper from the same collection, As mentioned above, additional methods of computational phylogenetic employed by Bowern and Atkinson in 2012Bowern and Atkinson's computational model is currently the definitive model of Pama-Nyungan intra-relatedness and diachrony. The words pama and nyunga mean "man" in their respective languages.
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